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Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia
The Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia ((ロシア語:Социалистическая Советская Республика Абхазия); ''Sotsalisticheskaya Sovetskaya Respublika Abkhaziya''), was a short-lived Soviet republic in the territory of Abkhazia that existed from 31 March 1921 to 19 February 1931. It was an independent state from 21 May to 16 December 1921, when Abkhazia became a federal part of the Georgian SSR. SSR Abkhazia never became a Union-level republic within the Soviet Union, despite the explicit expression of willingness and intent in its 1925 Constitution (Article 4).〔(1925 Constitution of SSR Abkhazia )〕 It had a special status of a “treaty republic” associated with the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic〔Union treaty with Georgian SSR according to two constitutions. (1925 Constitution of SSR Abkhazia ): "The SSR Abkhazia, having united on the basis of a special union treaty with the SSR Georgia, enters through it the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and as part of the latter the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics"; (1922 Constitution of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Georgia ): "The Socialist Soviet Republic of Georgia includes on the basis of voluntary self-determination ... the Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia, which is united with the Socialist Soviet Republic of Georgia on the basis of a special union treaty between these republics".〕 through which Abkhazia was part of the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (since 12 March 1922) and thus also part of the Soviet Union (the Transcaucasian SFSR was a Union-level republic of the USSR from 1922 to 1936). The SSR Abkhazia was abolished in 1931 and transformed into the Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Georgian SSR.
== Creation ==
Abkhazia, hitherto an autonomous province within the Democratic Republic of Georgia, came under the Soviet control in the course of the Soviet Russian Red Army invasion of February–March 1921. On March 4, 1921, the Red Army, in conjunction with local revolutionary guerrillas, took control of Abkhazia’s capital, Sukhumi, where a provisional Soviet administration – the Abkhaz Revolutionary committee (Revkom) – was established. On March 31, 1921, a special conference attended by Sergo Orjonikidze, Shalva Eliava, Efrem Eshba and Nestor Lakoba, declared the SSR of Abkhazia, but the question of the form of the republic's relations with both Georgia and Russia was left open. On May 21, 1921, the Georgian Revkom welcomed the formation of the "independent Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia", and said the form of relations should be settled by the first Workers' Congresses of both republics.〔(Declaration of the Revolutionary Committee of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Georgia on Independence of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Abkhazia ). May 21, 1921. ''Regionalism Research Center'', February 4, 2008.〕
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